Cross-Platform Operating Systems and Applications

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Vocabulary lab

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Explain the term before you reveal the back. Then compare your explanation with the definition, example, and warning.

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APFS: Apple File System is a modern filesystem used by macOS and other Apple operating systems. Example: A Mac internal SSD is formatted with APFS. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse APFS with NTFS or ext4; they belong to different platform families.
ext4: ext4 is a common journaling filesystem used by Linux systems. Example: A Linux installation stores files on an ext4 volume. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse ext4 with APFS; ext4 is associated with Linux.
shell: A shell is a command interpreter that lets users interact with an operating system through commands and scripts. Example: A Linux user opens a terminal and runs commands through Bash. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse the terminal window with the shell process running inside it.
sudo: sudo allows an authorized user to run a command with elevated privileges according to policy. Example: A Linux technician uses sudo for a maintenance command that requires administrative rights. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse sudo with logging in permanently as root.
chmod: chmod changes Unix-like file permission bits. Example: A technician adds execute permission to an authorized script. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse chmod with chown, which changes ownership.
package manager: A package manager installs, updates, and removes software packages while tracking dependencies. Example: A Linux system uses its package manager to install an approved utility. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse a package manager with downloading an arbitrary installer manually.
process: A process is a running instance of a program with its own execution state. Example: A technician lists processes to identify an application consuming resources. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse a process with a file stored on disk.
service/daemon: A service or daemon is a background process that provides a system or application function. Example: A web service starts automatically and listens for requests in the background. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse a background service with an interactive user application.
Keychain: Keychain is an Apple credential-management system used to store passwords, certificates, and keys. Example: A Mac application retrieves an approved saved credential from Keychain. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse Keychain with full-disk encryption.
Spotlight: Spotlight is the macOS search and indexing feature used to find files, apps, and other indexed information. Example: A user searches for an application by name from Spotlight. Do not confuse it with: Do not confuse Spotlight with Finder; Finder is the file-management interface.

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